Ameliorative Effects of Supplements of Papaya Seed, Watermelon Seed, and Clove buds on Testosterone-DMBA Induced Prostate Cancer in Wistar Rats: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Histological Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71637/tnhj.v25i3.1150Keywords:
Prostate cancer, testosterone-DMBA, oxidative stress, inflammation, papaya seed, watermelon seed, clove bud, dietary supplementsAbstract
Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men worldwide with escalating incidence and mortality rates. This study investigated the protective effects of papaya seed, watermelon seed, and clove bud on testosterone-DMBA-induced prostate cancer in male Wistar rats.
Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal control, cancer control, combination supplementation (papaya seed, watermelon seed and clove bud, individual supplementations of papaya seed, watermelon seed, clove bud, and flutamide treatment. Prostate cancer was induced by single dose intraperitoneal injection of DMBA 65mg/kg) and subcutaneous testosterone (3mg/kg) continued for 12 weeks. The intervention groups received their respective supplementations 2 weeks before induction and continued after the induction. At the end of the intervention period, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, and histopathological changes were assessed.
Results: Watermelon seed supplementation provided optimal balanced protection, significantly preserving catalase activity (6.87±0.63 vs. 4.67±1.17 µ/ml) and reducing CRP levels (2.70±0.25 vs. 12.47±5.17 mg/L). Clove bud supplementation effectively reduced nitric oxide levels (193.92±43.85 vs. 588.35±127.24 µm/mL) and IL-6 (31.47±4.24 vs. 34.88±4.03 pg/mL). Combination treatment demonstrated complete prostate and liver tissue protection. All dietary interventions provided complete hepatoprotection, contrasting with flutamide's hepatotoxicity. COX-2 levels were significantly lower in dietary groups (199.04±89.42 to 324.78±17.96 pg/mL) versus flutamide (613.07±201.71 pg/mL). Watermelon supplementation achieved complete renoprotection with preserved glomerular architecture.
Conclusion: Natural dietary supplements demonstrate organ-specific protective effects against prostate cancer with superior safety profiles compared to conventional treatment. These findings support their potential as supplementary therapeutic strategies for minimizing treatment-associated toxicities while enhancing outcomes.
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